I just want to make a point about the Creationist Orchard. When a biologist draws a phylogeny; the lines mean something, whether species, families, or even classes. When Ken Ham presents this chart, he's just drawing lines.
There is no fossil record for any canids or apes until after the cretaceous. There have been more than 214 species of canids throughout history 37 of them exist today. 177 of them are known only from the fossil record. All 177 of them are found in the Cenozoic fossil record, which Ham believes happened after Noah's flood.[1] The earliest canid does not appear until the Eocene, but earliest ape does not appear until the Oligocene. Those pre-Cenozoic branches come out of inspired imaginations. Likewise there are no Cenozoic ceratopsians in the fossil record. Those also originate in inspired imaginations.
I am unclear about the bird. Certainly there are pre-cenozoic birds, and some that would fit into one of the avian kinds.
Correction 3-6-14: Originally the last sentence said that no Mesozoic bird would fit into one of the avian kinds. However, this probably is not true. The entire order of Psittaciformes is considered the "Parrot Kind" by Lightner. A Cretaceous parrot was found in 1998.
Correction 3-6-14: Originally the last sentence said that no Mesozoic bird would fit into one of the avian kinds. However, this probably is not true. The entire order of Psittaciformes is considered the "Parrot Kind" by Lightner. A Cretaceous parrot was found in 1998.
Also, a fossil Anseriformes has been found. Here, it gets more complicated. Lightner divides the order Anseriformes into three kinds. While the fossil appears more closely related to the family Anatidae which Lightner calls the "Duck Kind" it is unclear if Lightner would place the fossil in this group. In fact, the initial kind estimates as a rule tend to avoid all fossils. Also, if there were Cretaceous Anseriformes, that seems to suggest that there were Cretaceous Galliformes, because molecular data suggests that Anseriformes and Galliformes both belong to the clade Galloanserae. Lightner, of course, believes that Galliformes coexisted with dinosaurs, but for other reasons. While she subdivided the order Anseriformes into three kinds, she kept the order Galliformes as one created kind. She was forced to do this, because four of the five families have examples of cross family hybridization.
[1] Wang, Xiaoming and Richard H. Tedford Dogs Their Fossil Relatives & Evolutionary History (New York: Columbia Press, 2008) 23
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